Adenovirus (ADV)

Adenovirus (ADV) is an envelope-less icosahedral DNA virus that is generally transmitted and endemic through the respiratory tract.ADV is an envelope-less particle 70-90 nm in diameter, consisting of 252 capsids arranged in a 20-sided configuration.Each capsid is 7-9 nm in diameter.Inside the capsid is a linear double-stranded DNA molecule containing approximately 30-47 kb, each end of which is about 100 bp long. Each capsid is 7-9 nm in diameter, and the capsid contains a linear double-stranded DNA molecule containing approximately 30-47 kb, with an inverted repeat sequence of approximately 100 bp at each end. Due to the covalent binding of the 5' end of each DNA strand to a protein molecule with a relative molecular mass of 55X103Da, a ring-like structure of double-stranded DNA can occur. More than 100 serotypes have been identified, of which 52 are human adenoviruses, which are categorized into six subgroups (subgroups): A, B, C, D, E, and F. The human adenoviruses have been classified into six subgroups (subgroups). Human adenovirus types 2 and 5, which are commonly used in gene therapy, belong to subgroup C in terms of serologic classification, and share 95% homology in DNA sequences. Adenoviruses cause acute infectious diseases, which can easily invade respiratory and gastrointestinal mucous membranes, conjunctivae of the eyes, the urinary tract, and lymph nodes. The main manifestation is acute upper respiratory tract infection.

KMD Bioscience is a high-tech biological enterprise engaged in the development and production of core raw materials for in vitro diagnostics. With customer needs as the main theme, we provide in vitro diagnostic reagent manufacturers with raw materials such as antibodies, antigens, enzymes and nanomaterials for in vitro diagnostics. We have several mature technology platforms such as immunochromatography, latex turbidimetry, chemiluminescence and molecular diagnostics. Our main products are in vitro diagnostic antigens (natural antigens, genetically engineered recombinant antigens), antibodies (monoclonal antibodies, polyantibodies), fluorescent microspheres, etc., which cover a wide range of fields such as cardiovascular, renal, hormonal, diabetes, infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases and so on.

Composition of ADV

Adenovirus is a spherical structure without vesicle membrane, and its viral particles are often arranged in lattice form in the nucleus of infected cells. Each viral particle contains a 36 kb linear double-stranded DNA, with a 100-600 bp inverted terminal repeat (ITR) at each end, and the inner side of the ITR is the signal for viral packaging, which is a cis-acting element required for viral packaging. The inner part of ITR is a signal for viral packaging, which is a cis-acting element required for viral packaging. The genome contains the early-expressed E1~E4 genes associated with adenovirus replication and the late-expressed L1~L5 genes associated with adenovirus particle assembly. The linear double-stranded DNA and the core protein form a pith core with a diameter of 60~65 nm, which is encapsidated in a capsid. The capsid is icosahedrally symmetric and consists of 252 shell grains 8~10 nm in diameter, which are arranged on the faces of the triangle, six on each side, of which 240 are six-neighborhoods (non-vertex shell grains) and the other 12 are five-neighborhood bases (vertex shell grains). Each hexa-neighbor is a homotrimer of hexa-neighbor proteins, the trimeric hexa-neighbor molecule has a triangular tower tip and a pentahedral base, the tower region consists of four loops i.e., loop1, loop2, loop3, loop4, and the base contains two regions, the P1 and P2 regions [3]. The epitope (epitope) on the six-neighborhood is a criterion for the diagnosis of different serotypes, which includes the antigenic components of the mammalian genus Adenovirus and is the most sensitive site of the viroids to immune selective pressure. Each pentacin base incorporates one (mammalian adenovirus) or two (avian adenovirus) fiber protrusions 9-77.5 nm long, which extend from the capsid surface on the basis of the pentacin protein, and the fibers apically form the head node region, which is serum specific and contains the species-specific antigenic determinant site responsible for in vitro hemocyte agglutination.

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the molecular structure of AVD2

The process of ADV infection of cells

The life cycle of adenovirus can be divided into two stages. These include adherence and entry of adenoviral particles into the host cell, release of the genome into the host cell nucleus, and selective transcription and translation of early genes. During this phase, the cell for viral genome replication and adenoviral late gene expression and ultimately the release of mature infection particles. Adenovirus infects cells by binding to cell surface CAR via fibronectin. After adenovirus adhesion, the arginine-glutamate-aspartate (RGD) on the pentameric proteins binds to and interacts with the cell surface integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5 to allow adenovirus entry into the cell.

KMD Bioscience has an excellent in vitro diagnostic reagent development platform, all raw materials have been repeatedly validated by multiple application platforms and a large number of clinical samples, and under strict production process control, we can continuously and stably provide high-quality raw materials for our IVD customers. Most of our antigenic raw materials are prepared by mammalian expression system, the structure and activity are closer to natural antigen. Each antigen is produced through rigorous program design, strict performance evaluation, and has excellent stability and specificity. Moreover, our antigen materials can be used in the development of standards, calibrators, quality control products and as immunogens.