Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Gonadotropins (Gn) are glycoprotein hormones with important physiological functions that regulate gonadal development. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and together they promote the development of germ cells and the production and secretion of sex hormones.LH is an important endocrine hormone.LH regulates the physiological functions of the ovary in synergistic manner with FSH and thus promotes ovulation and luteinization, and also promotes the luteinization of the corpus luteum and the endopodial membrane, and the stromal cells.

KMD Bioscience, as a supplier of raw materials for in vitro diagnostics, has been providing the IVD industry with high-quality diagnostic antigens and antibody raw materials for many years, which are suitable for various detection platforms such as flow, colloidal gold, chemiluminescence and immunoturbidimetric assay. With four platforms, including monoclonal antibody production platform, polyclonal antibody production platform, phage antibody library technology platform, and antibody sequencing and application platform, KMD Bioscience is committed to the rapid development and large-scale production of proteins and antibodies for in vitro diagnostics. KMD Bioscience's antibody diagnostic raw materials and antigen diagnostic raw materials are strictly monitored in each process during the R&D and production phases, and the performance indexes (specificity, activity, stability, etc.) of antibodies/antigens are analyzed to ensure that IVD raw materials are characterized by small batch-to-batch/intra-batch variations, wide linear ranges, good stability, high sensitivity, and so on.

The inventory of reagents associated with Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) that KMD Bioscience can offer:

Molecular Structure and Characteristics of FSH and LH

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) belong to the glycoprotein family, with molecular weights of 37,000 and 28,000, respectively.Both have two subunits, the α-subunit and the β-subunit, the former consisting of 89 amino acids, and the β-subunit is the only specific subunit and consists of 115 amino acids.FSH is found in positions 7 and 24 on two FSH on the 7th and 24th position and LH on the 13th and 30th position of the two menthyl amides each have a carbohydrate portion.

Figure 1 Schematic structure of FSH molecule

Figure 2 Schematic structure of LH molecule

Biological functions of LH and FSH

Luteinizing hormone (LH) production is controlled by hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GHRH), and at the same time, it is regulated by positive and negative feedback from the ovary. Gonadotropins, especially LH, play an important role in the regulation of the reproductive cycle from follicular development to the formation of the corpus luteum. As a hormone, LH transduces signals primarily through interactions with the luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) on the surface of steroid-producing microluteal cells, a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), and signaling pathways downstream of the LHCGR that include the stimulation of adenylate cyclase leading to an increase in intracellular cycloadenosine monophosphate (cAMP), activation of protein kinase A (PKA), and the PKA phosphorylation of PKA substrates and activation of the PKA signaling pathway; in addition, LH can activate phospholipase C, leading to an increase in intracellular calcium concentration and activation of MAPK and its downstream signaling pathways.

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a highly glycosylated protein that, together with several glycoprotein hormones (LH, TSH, HCG, etc.), constitutes a family of glycoproteins. Female ovarian granulosa cells have specific FSH receptors, which bind specifically to FSH and are involved in the activation of aromatase and the promotion of LH receptor production. Endothelial cells provide 19-androstenedione or testosterone in response to LH, and these substrates pass through the basement membrane into the granulosa cells, where activated aromatase converts them to 17-β androstenediol. Estrogen acting together with FSH promotes proliferation of ovarian granulosa cells, differentiation of endothelial cells, production of follicular fluid, and expansion of the cystic lumen, which in turn promotes follicular development.FSH acts on the supportive cells in the testis of males and activates testicular vasculature epithelium and secondary spermatogonia through specific receptors on its surface.In the testis LH and androgens work together to promote spermatid maturation.The testicular supportive cells of the male testis are also activated by LH and androgens, which promote sperm maturation.

Together, LH and FSH can be used to differentiate between primary (ovarian) and secondary (pituitary) amenorrhea; in males, it is used to differentiate between primary and secondary testicular insufficiency; and it can also determine whether puberty is really precocious in both sexes. KMD Bioscience has many years of experience in the research of monoclonal antibody drugs. KMD Bioscience gathers a group of scientists with advanced technology in the field of monoclonal antibodies, and is committed to providing good service for our customers' drug research. Our monoclonal antibody drugs are developed using recombinant antibody technology, using the same sequence as therapeutic antibodies and tested to ensure specific binding to the same target molecules, making them a suitable choice for drug research or analytical development. All antibody products we offer are subject to stringent QC validation and all antibodies are rigorously tested to ensure high purity and quality. At the same time, KMD Bioscience's research field experts are always looking for more novel targets, and are committed to providing customers with a diverse range of antibody products.