Fibrin Monomer (FM)

Fibrin monomer (FM) is an early product of thrombosis, it is a fibrin monomer (FM) formed when fibrinogen (Fbg) is stripped of peptide A (Fibrinopeptide A, Fp A) and peptide B (Fp B) under the action of thrombin (Thrombin). It is not stable, interconnected, and under the action of activating factors and calcium ions, it polymerizes in the blood to form a firm fibrin multimer, which can be dissolved by the fibrinolytic system of a normal person, but not by the patient concerned and forms a thrombus. If D-dimer is a marker of thrombosis, it can be argued that fibrin monomers and soluble fibrin are markers of the prethrombotic state.FM reflects prothrombin activity and is an early molecular marker of enhanced coagulation. FM is a molecular marker for early enhancement of coagulation function. In normal people, FM is only present in trace amounts or not present in the blood, and when the level of FM is elevated, it is a sign that thrombin is being generated in the blood, indicating that the coagulation mechanism has been activated.

KMD Bioscience, as a supplier of in vitro diagnostic raw materials, is committed to the rapid development and large-scale production of in vitro diagnostic proteins and antibodies, and successfully develops a large number of recombinant proteins, antibodies, antibody target proteins, industrial enzymes, diagnostic raw materials and other related reagents used in scientific research and new drug discovery. KMD Bioscience adheres to independent innovation and breakthroughs in key technologies, and has obtained the national patent pilot unit and laboratory ISO9001:2015 quality management system certification and insists on continuous optimization to effectively ensure the quality stability of products in the production process and final delivery. All antibodies supplied by KMD Bio are rigorously tested to ensure their purity and sensitivity for use in a variety of different diagnostic platforms, such as LFIA, ELISA, CLIA, POCT, and so on.

The inventory of reagents associated with Fibrin Monomer (FM) that KMD Bioscience can offer:

FM formation:

 The transformation of fibrinogen into fibrin is the most fundamental change in the whole process of blood coagulation and goes through 3 stages: 1) Hydrolysis of fibrinogen. Under the action of thrombin, one peptide bond of each of the two α-chains and two β-chains in the fibrinogen molecule is broken, resulting in the formation of fibrin monomers and the simultaneous release of two pairs of small-molecule fibrin polypeptides (i.e., Fibrin Polypeptide A and B, with combined molecular weights of approximately 9,000 daltons). Thus, the molecular weight of the finally formed fibrin is somewhat smaller than that of fibrinogen. (ii) Aggregation of fibrin monomers. With the participation of Ca2+, several fibrin monomers aggregate into soluble fibrin multimers. (iii) Formation of blood clots. Under the action of fibrinase and Ca2+, cross-bonds are formed between the α-chains of different fibrin molecules, transforming fibrin into final insoluble fibrin multimers. The fibrin in formation interlock and overlap with each other and web the blood cells, transforming the formerly soluble blood into a gel-like blood clot. Subsequently, due to the role of platelet contractile proteins, the clot shrinks and hardens, and precipitates serum. Therefore, the serum, in addition to the absence of fibrinogen, than plasma also added some produced during the coagulation process. In tissues, fibroblasts produce protofibrillar proteins when they are transformed into fibroblasts.

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the molecular structure of FM

Biological functions of FM

FM is generated early in the coagulation process, is present within the blood vessel, is less susceptible to extravascular factors (e.g., inflammation, tumors, etc.), and has a short half-life, making it more specific for predicting the risk of intravascular thrombosis. FM levels are essentially normal in non-thrombotic patients and are only elevated above a threshold for a short period of time during thrombus formation, making FM important in the diagnosis of the prothrombotic state. Other markers associated with thrombosis are the detection of fibrin degradation products (FDP) and D-dimer, both of which are significantly elevated after thrombosis. FM, on the other hand, appears before thrombosis occurs. Therefore, FM has a clear advantage as a biomarker for thrombosis.